Development of crisis and crisis in “development”

Mehdi Shafaeddin

The recent global economic crisis has affected the poor in developing countries most, in part because they are the weakest to deal with such a crisis. Their weakness is partly due to the practices of neo-liberal ideas imposed on them by international financial institution (IFI) during the last couple of decades. The emergence of the crisis raises a fundamental question: is there any hope that the lessons learned will lead to a turning point in favour of “development”? It should, but I doubt whether it will, and the danger is that the next global crisis would emerge in the trading system.

The great depression of 1930s was a turning point as the Keynesian macroeconomic policies dominated the scene for a couple of decades. By contrast, Keynes’ ideas on international development policies, presented after the Second World War, were turned down. So was his proposal for the creation of ITO in favour of the Bretton Woods institutions and WTO.

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Who Pays for Agricultural Dumping? Farmers in developing countries

Timothy A. Wise

Brazil and the United States may have settled, for now, their long-running WTO dispute over U.S. cotton subsidies, but the issues it raised remain. After all, Brazilian producers were not the only ones hurt by U.S. dumping of its highly subsidized cotton on world markets, which not only took market share from competing producers, it depressed the international price for all producers.

How much does agricultural dumping cost farmers in developing countries? I recently completed a study for a Woodrow Wilson Center project that highlights just how high the cost of dumping can be. I benefited from the somewhat controlled experiment represented by U.S.-Mexico agricultural trade under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). I call it a controlled experiment because NAFTA liberalized agricultural trade dramatically over a short period of time, Mexico imports most basic grains and meats almost exclusively from the United States, and Mexican farmers grow many of the crops that compete with the imports. In such a case, one can easily see the increase in U.S. exports, the drop in Mexican producer prices, and it is reasonable to assume that the U.S. export price is the reference price for these products in Mexico.

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China and Africa: A new approach to development

In the Western press the conventional wisdom holds that China is emerging as a new colonial power in Africa.  American University professor Deborah Brautigam has written a provacative new book, “The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa,” that challenges that view.  Indeed, Brautigam contends that China’s “idea” of development may in the end prevail over the often fadish Western approaches to aid and development in Africa.  Triple Crisis blogger Kevin P. Gallagher interviewed professor Brautigam on China’s role in Africa.



We Must Go Beyond Microeconomic Regulation to Stabilize the Financial System

Responding to Jeff Madrick’s recent post on the US financial regulation legislation, Triple Crisis guest blogger Robert Wade argues for the need to consider “external” causes of the global financial crisis.

I agree with and admire the lucidity of Jeff Madrick’s post — as far as it goes. But (for understandable reasons) it keeps the spotlight trained on microeconomic financial regulation, as does most of the debate. My concern is that the focus on financial regulation obscures the important role of “external” causes in contributing to financial instability (external to national financial systems), and obscures the pressing need for policy reforms to curb these external causes. I highlight two external causes: (1) national income inequality; and (2) international payments imbalances. I argue that if high income inequality and large international payments imbalances are not curbed, we run a serious risk of repeat crises – because the microeconomic efforts to re-regulate and re-structure national financial systems will be eroded or swamped by the force of these more macroeconomic external causes.

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US Financial Regulations: Plugging holes in a faulty dam

Jeff Madrick

Paul Volcker says the financial reregulation bill passed to much hoopla by Congress in mid-July deserves only a grade of B.  Sheila Bair, head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, says the Basel committee of the Bank for International Settlements is already backing off stern capital requirements for banks that the bill was supposed to establish. Michael Mandel, the former chief economist of Business Week, says he cannot even tell you what the financial regulation bill is trying to accomplish.

To most people, the new financial reregulation package must look like the work of a bunch of Congressmen, along with the President’s economic team, plugging holes in a dam.   The Obama Treasury got the nation off on the wrong track when it issued its June 2009 white paper. It basically listed a series of problems that had to be dealt with. Does anyone have a sense which are the biggest holes, how many there are, and whether we’ve really plugged them?   Or why there were holes in the first place?

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Essentials of Smart Climate Policy

James Boyce

Triple Crisis blogger James Boyce published the following commentary on E3’s Real Climate Economics blog.

“In one of the more memorable moments of the 2008 presidential campaign, candidate Barack Obama explained why he rejected John McCain’s call to postpone their September debate in Oxford, Mississippi, during the negotiations on the first financial bailout package. “It’s going to be part of the president’s job,” Obama declared, “to be able to deal with more than one thing at once.””

“Something similar can be said about climate policy. A variety of proposals – for public investment, carbon pricing, regulatory standards – are cooking in Washington’s political stew. Sometimes the proponents of specific policies are tempted to oversell their merits, while dismissing other policies as unnecessary or even counterproductive. But if Congress and the Obama administration are going to get smart on climate change, part of their job is to deal with more than one policy at once…”

Read the full commentary on E3’s Real Climate Economics blog

Post-Crisis Economics: Are We All Structuralists Now?

Kevin P. Gallagher

In the immediate aftermath of the global financial crisis even the deepest market fundamentalists embraced the core Keynesian insight that when in deep recession, monetary policy will be ineffective and fiscal stimulus is required.  They have now abandoned that view as calls for fiscal austerity abound regardless of the increasingly fragile nature of the global recovery.

While economists and policy-makers debate the short and medium-term remedies to the crisis, there is an incredibly surprising and under-discussed consensus emerging for the longer run.  From the Financial Times to the South Centre there is agreement that the United States and East Asia (notably China) have to change the ‘structures’ of their economies.

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Hungary, the IMF and the EU

Jayati Ghosh

The more things change, the more they really do stay the same. For a while after the global crisis, we were told that the IMF had changed its position with respect to the strict and generally pro-cyclical measures it had been suggesting to countries in the throes of financial or balance of payments crisis. Their economists openly accepted the need for fiscal stimuli and generally counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies to combat the recession.

According its own internal review in September 2009, the IMF has really changed in this respect: “Internalizing lessons from the past, (IMF) programs have responded to country conditions and adapted to worsening economic circumstances to attenuate contractionary forces…The stance of fiscal policy in most cases has been accommodative and adjusted to evolving conditions. Deficits were allowed to rise in response to falling revenues and, in cases where domestic and external financing was lacking, this was facilitated by channeling Fund resources directly to the budget.”

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Bankers’ Pay: What Economics has to Say

Sanjay Reddy

The recent global debate over the pay of bankers has raised issues that are basic to economic theory, and to moral and political philosophy, simultaneously. One question concerns what level of pay is necessary in order to attract people to do a certain job, and to do it effectively. Another question concerns what level of pay would be appropriate, fair, or just to pay people to do that job. Both are entailed in the current debate on the pay of bankers (particularly investment bankers).

The G-20, and more recently the European Parliament, as well as individual countries (especially Germany, France and the UK) have promoted the institution of new norms to govern the pay of bankers, requiring for example that their pay should be spread over a number of years, or be provided in part in the form of shares or other instruments, the return of which will depend on the success of the bankers’ strategies over a longer period than previously.

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Is De-Growth Compatible with Capitalism?

Alejandro Nadal

A serious campaign in favor of “de-growth” has been going on for some time and has made important contributions. This movement has opened new avenues for debate and analysis on technology, credit, education and other important areas. It’s an effort that needs support and attention, and we must applaud their initiators and promoters for their boldness and dedication.

De-growth is defined as “a reduction of production and consumption in physical terms through down-scaling and not only through efficiency improvements”. Kallis-Schneider-Martínez Alier explain that de-growth is a smooth, voluntary and equitable downscaling of production and consumption that insures human wellbeing and ecological sustainability locally as well as globally on the short and long term. Thus, de-growth is not limited to a technological dimension.

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