Environmentalism's Original Sin

James K. Boyce

In 2007 the National Audubon Society, one of the leading environmental organizations in the United States, issued a report headlined “Common Birds in Decline.” Based on statistical analysis of 40 years of bird population data, it announced “the alarming decline of many of our most common and beloved birds.”

The story attracted wide press coverage. “Spreading suburbs and large-scale farming are contributing to a precipitous decline in once common meadow birds,” began a New York Times story. An accompanying editorial lamented, “We somehow trusted that all the innocent little birds were here to stay. What they actually need to survive, it turns out, is a landscape that is less intensely human.”  A letter to the editor predicted that the deadly pattern will continue “as long as we ask the earth to support too many people.”

Few commentators bothered to study the study itself. Had they done so, they might have noticed that among 309 bird species for which statistically meaningful trends could be established from data in two population surveys, birds showing a “large increase” exceeded those showing a “large decrease.” Forty-one species recorded a large increase in both surveys; only twelve saw a large decrease.

Read the rest of this entry »

Environmentalism’s Original Sin

James K. Boyce

In 2007 the National Audubon Society, one of the leading environmental organizations in the United States, issued a report headlined “Common Birds in Decline.” Based on statistical analysis of 40 years of bird population data, it announced “the alarming decline of many of our most common and beloved birds.”

The story attracted wide press coverage. “Spreading suburbs and large-scale farming are contributing to a precipitous decline in once common meadow birds,” began a New York Times story. An accompanying editorial lamented, “We somehow trusted that all the innocent little birds were here to stay. What they actually need to survive, it turns out, is a landscape that is less intensely human.”  A letter to the editor predicted that the deadly pattern will continue “as long as we ask the earth to support too many people.”

Few commentators bothered to study the study itself. Had they done so, they might have noticed that among 309 bird species for which statistically meaningful trends could be established from data in two population surveys, birds showing a “large increase” exceeded those showing a “large decrease.” Forty-one species recorded a large increase in both surveys; only twelve saw a large decrease.

Read the rest of this entry »

Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development

Matías Vernengo

In the 1960s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Transnational Corporations (TNCs) were seen, at least by progressives, as an obstruction in the process of economic development.  The ultimate critique was that not much of the technological development introduced by foreign firms diffused to other parts of the economy, and that profit remittances would become a burden on the balance of payments accounts.  Hence, TNCs were seen as signs of the exploitation of the South by the North.  It did not help that companies, like International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) in Chile during the Allende government, were plotting to bring down democratically elected governments.  Everything about foreign capital was bad.

By the 1990s, after a lost decade and the victory of the Washington Consensus Decalogue, foreign capital and TNCs were seen as central for economic development.  FDI created jobs, increased productivity, and macroeconomic problems associated to the balance of payments accounts were seen as secondary, since export performance, within the context of an export-led development strategy, would reduce the possibilities of crises.  Everything about foreign capital was good.

Read the rest of this entry »

The truth about the global demand for food

In this article from The Guardian, Jayati Ghosh provides more a more detailed analysis of some of the new research from the FAO, noted earlier by Wise, which shows that biofuels demand in the US and Europe, not growing demand for meat in China and India, is the real driver of the rise in global cereal demand.

A new report from the FAO blows the myth about increased grain consumption from developing countries leads to higher global demand and higher prices.

Ever since the global food crisis of 2007-08, a perception has persisted in many parts of the world that one of the main underlying reasons for the price spikes in major food items – especially food grain – is the increased demand from countries such as China and India. If anything, this perception has become even more widespread since prices started rising again, especially since early 2010.

On the face of it, such a perception seems quite reasonable. After all, China and India both have huge populations, accounting for nearly 40% of the total world population between them. Their economies have both been expanding very rapidly, much faster than most of the rest of the world, so per capita incomes have been rising from relatively low bases. It is well known that as incomes rise from low levels, people tend to consume more food grain – not necessarily directly, but indirectly through the consumption of livestock products that require more grain in the form of food.

So it is only to be expected that the increased incomes in China and India would translate into more demand for food grain, and this could certainly affect the global supply demand balance in ways that would cause food prices to rise. Expected, yes: but did this actually happen?

Read the rest of this entry »

Summer Reading List

As part of our Best Books feature, we asked Triple Crisis bloggers and readers to send us their suggestions on the best books for summer reading. We received great suggestions, and while not all books listed here are strictly economics books, they are all great reads on finance, development, and the environment.

Leave your additional suggestions in comments below!

From bloggers:

Kevin P. Gallagher: “The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck has to be the best book on economics for August!  It’s all there, real live stories of a nation in depression, with overhanging political economy and economics: think ‘reserve army’ when Holden is in those long lines looking for farm work….”

Age of Greed: The Triumph of Finance and the Decline of America by Jeff Madrick
Scarcity in Frontiers: How Economies Have Developed Through Natural Resource Exploitation by Edward Barbier
Haiti After the Earthquake by Paul Farmer
1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus by Charles Mann
Development as Freedom by Amartya Sen
The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine by Michael Lewis
The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism by Naomi Klein
Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective by Ha-Joon Chang

From Readers:

The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy by Dani Rodrick
Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty by Banerjee and Duflo
23 Things They Didn’t Tell you About Capitalism by Ha-Joon Chang
Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence by Christian Parenti
Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide by Kristoff and WuDunn
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 by Paul Krugman

Food Aid Talks: What's on the Table?

Jennifer Clapp

The Horn of Africa is experiencing its worst drought in 60 years. The impact is so serious that the United Nations has declared a famine in parts of southern Somalia. Several million people face starvation and the UN has called for an additional $300 million in emergency aid to avert an even bigger disaster in the region. The magnitude of the situation reminds us that the renegotiation of the Food Aid Convention (FAC) could not come soon enough.

The FAC is an international agreement among eight major donors (Australia, Argentina, Canada, European Union, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States) that sets out rules for food aid. Its signatories agree to provide a minimum amount of food aid each year to meet the needs of the world’s hungry. The intention of a guaranteed amount of aid is to reduce the UN’s need to rely on special aid appeals to address crises.

Canada has played a leading role in the renegotiation the FAC as chair of the Food Aid Committee, the body that oversees the treaty, since the discussions began in June 2010. Negotiators aspire to have a revised agreement in place by the end of 2011. The current talks are especially challenging given the major changes that have taken place in the negotiating context since the treaty was last updated in 1999.

Read the rest of this entry »

Food Aid Talks: What’s on the Table?

Jennifer Clapp

The Horn of Africa is experiencing its worst drought in 60 years. The impact is so serious that the United Nations has declared a famine in parts of southern Somalia. Several million people face starvation and the UN has called for an additional $300 million in emergency aid to avert an even bigger disaster in the region. The magnitude of the situation reminds us that the renegotiation of the Food Aid Convention (FAC) could not come soon enough.

The FAC is an international agreement among eight major donors (Australia, Argentina, Canada, European Union, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States) that sets out rules for food aid. Its signatories agree to provide a minimum amount of food aid each year to meet the needs of the world’s hungry. The intention of a guaranteed amount of aid is to reduce the UN’s need to rely on special aid appeals to address crises.

Canada has played a leading role in the renegotiation the FAC as chair of the Food Aid Committee, the body that oversees the treaty, since the discussions began in June 2010. Negotiators aspire to have a revised agreement in place by the end of 2011. The current talks are especially challenging given the major changes that have taken place in the negotiating context since the treaty was last updated in 1999.

Read the rest of this entry »

In case you missed it. . .

The most important and hotly contested economic issues in the news recently have been the focus of several Triple Crisis Posts. Here is a compilation of what bloggers have to say on the Greek Crisis, the debate on commodity speculation, and the US debt ceiling:

Triple Crisis bloggers on Greek Crisis:

Another Victory for Finance? By CP Chandrasekhar
Restructuring Greece’s Debt Crisis, by Kevin P. Gallagher
The Greek Crisis: The EU’s Wasted Year, by Daniela Schwarzer
The Greek Crisis: Uttering the Other “D Word,” by Matías Vernengo
The Tyranny of Bond Holders, interview with Kevin P. Gallagher

Triple Crisis bloggers on commodity speculation and food prices:

Spotlight G20: Identifying the Drivers of Price Volatility, by Timothy A. Wise
Speculation Drove Wheat Prices up While Supply Expanded, interview with Jayati Ghosh
Spotlight G20: New Evidence of Speculation in financialized commodities markets, by Timothy A Wise
Spotlight G20: Agriculture Ministers Should Strengthen Government Role in Volatile Markets, by guest blogger Sophia Murphy

Triple Crisis bloggers on the US Debt Ceiling Debacle

The Debt-Ceiling: a Guide for the Bewildered, by Matías Vernengo
GOP bad faith on the debt ceiling, by Kevin P. Gallagher
US debt impasse worries the world, by Martin Khor

The road to Earth Summit: 20 years later

Martin Khor

The outcome of the 1992 Earth Summit was large in ambition but poor in implementation.  With the world in even larger crisis, the search is on for stronger institutions, as a meeting in Solo last week revealed.

“Sustainable development” came into vogue as a result of the United Nations’ Earth Summit in Rio, Brazil, in 1992.

The term is widely taken to mean that environmental, economic and social goals have to be taken together into account and if possible “blended”, when policies are being made and actions taken, internationally and nationally.

It is now enjoying a revival – a hotly debated one – since the United Nations will hold another summit in Rio in 2012, to mark the 20thanniversary.

Putting all three elements – economic, social and environmental – together in the policy mix was Rio 1992’s achievement.

Making policies only on the basis of economic goals like high economic and export growth is simply not balanced, as the environment can be badly damaged and natural resources can soon run out (and thus growth is not sustainable).

Read the rest of this entry »