One of the biggest global events this year is the United Nations Climate Conference in Paris in December.
A new agreement to tackle climate change is expected, but there are many hurdles to overcome first.
Negotiations for the Paris agreement are now taking place in Bonn. Old unresolved issues have re-surfaced, with sharp divisions between developed countries (the North) and developing countries (the South).
It’s hard to see how they can be settled in the remaining three meetings, including the Paris conference.” But a deal in Paris is a political necessity, so somehow the differences have to be bridged, or else papered over.
There are two requisites for a good climate deal. It has to be environmentally ambitious, meaning that it leads the world to reduce emissions so that the average global temperature does not increase by more than 2°C (or 1.5°C, according to some) above the pre-industrial period.
That present temperature has now exceeded by 0.8°C. With global emissions increasing by about 50 billion tonnes a year, the remaining “space” in the atmosphere to absorb more emissions (before the 2°C limit is reached) will be exhausted in three decades or so.
The deal also has to be fair and equitable. The North, having been mainly responsible for the historical emissions and being more economically advanced, has to take the lead in cutting emissions as well as transferring funds and technology to the South to help it switch to low-carbon sustainable development pathways.
This equity principle is indeed embedded in the UN Climate Convention, which will house the new Paris agreement, and which is now conducting the negotiations.
The South countries insist that this principle be at the centre of the new agreement, and that indeed it has to be since it comes under the Convention.
But the North countries are most reluctant. They claim the world has changed, and all countries (except the least developed) should be treated the same way.
By this they mean that a new regime should be created in which all countries should undertake the same emissions reduction obligations now, or in the near future.
In the interim, all countries should contribute in various ways to cut their present and future emissions. And they should do this, even if they do not get funds and technology they ask for.
The developing countries argue that this kind of attitude is tantamount to the North escaping their legal obligations under the present Convention, and in effect subverting the Convention’s principles and provisions and re-writing the rules.
They are concerned that this is aimed at shifting the burden of change away from the North to the South. Moving from the present cheap oil-based energy system to one based on renewable energy, and other transformations, requires a social, economic and technological revolution that is costly.
Will it affect development goals? Who will pay for this cost? How to obtain the technologies cheaply enough? What obligations should the South take on under the Paris agreement if the North does not meet its obligation to help out?
The current Bonn session is grappling with a draft that contains the different views. Among the key issues:
> Same or different treatment: Should countries have the same obligations to address emissions and to provide financing (a position favoured by the North) or have different obligations, according to their historical responsibilities and current level of development (the South’s view)?
> Balance on mitigation, adapttion, loss and damage: Generally, the North is more interested in focusing the agreement on having obligations on mitigation (reducing emissions), whilst the South is equally or even more concerned about actions on adaptation (measures to reduce the effects of climate change) and loss and damage (coping with the damage caused by climate change, such as storms, heavy rain, floods, drought, etc). The North is especially resisting loss and damage.
> Funding: The North pledged to mobilise US$100bil (RM375bil) a year for climate actions for the South by 2020, but only a small fraction is available so far. The South wants a firm commitment on finance in the Paris agreement, and a road-map on how the money will increase to US$100bil between now and 2020, but this is resisted by the North.
> Technology: The South wants concrete commitments from the North to transfer technologies needed for mitigation and adaptation actions, including removing barriers such as lack of funds and know-how, and intellectual property (IP) which may raise the cost. The North wants the South to obtain technology on commercial terms, and does not want the agreement to mention the IP issue or address know-how.
> Countries’ “contributions”: Countries are expected to submit the “contributions” they intend to make to global climate action. The North wants developing countries to submit figures on their maximum mitigation obligations.
The developing countries are upset that the North is refusing to commit any figures on funding, and many want to also include their actions on adaptation to show the range of their contribution to global actions. Meanwhile the mitigation commitments submitted by several developed countries show a low level of ambition.
> Legally binding?: The Paris outcome could be a protocol or another legally binding agreement or an outcome with legal force. How binding it will be on countries, and what happens if they do not comply, will be one of the final issues to be resolved.
There are also various shades of views within the developed countries and the developing countries.
But these are among the key issues where large differences, mainly along North-South lines, exist.
Whether they can be bridged before or at Paris remains to be seen. The fate of our climate, and humanity’s future, depends quite a lot on it.
Originally published by The Star.
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