Yılmaz Akyüz, guest blogger
The new millennium has witnessed a staggering rise of the South. During 2003-08, the average growth of developing economies (DEs) exceeded that of advanced economies (AEs) by some 5 percentage points, compared to around one point in the 1980s and 1990s. The difference widened further during 2008-11 as most DEs proved resilient to the crisis while growth collapsed in AEs.
This growth divergence has widely been seen as the decoupling of the South from the North. However, the evidence does not show the desynchronisation of cycles between DEs and AEs, and deviations of economic activity from underlying trends continue to be highly correlated. The more significant question is whether there has been a durable shift in the trend growth of the South relative to the North. Such a view is widely held, including among policy makers in DEs. However, a closer look suggests that the growth surge in the South owes as much, if not more, to exceptional and unsustainable global economic conditions as it does to improvements in their own fundamentals. There is, consequently, no room for complacency in policy circles in DEs.
Until the global crisis, the credit, consumption and property bubbles in AEs, particularly the US, produced a highly favourable global environment for DEs in trade and investment, capital flows and commodity prices. At least one-third of pre-crisis growth in China was due to exports, mostly to AEs, and the ratio is even higher for smaller Asian export-led economies. There is a strikingly strong correlation between property booms and current account deficits both in the US and other AEs that have subsequently experienced financial turmoil. China’s accession to the WTO also provided a major impetus to outsourcing and exports to AEs by removing uncertainties surrounding its access to the US market.
From the early years of the 2000s, historically low interest rates and rapid expansion of liquidity in the US, Europe and Japan triggered a search-for-yield and boom in capital flows to DEs. This was supplemented by a surge in workers’ remittances, which amounted to over 25 per cent of GDP in some smaller countries but exceeded 3 per cent of GDP even in India. Commodity prices also made a strong upturn. China played an important role in the commodity price surge, but its own growth was driven by exports to AEs. The boom was accentuated by the financialization of commodity markets, with investors seeking to diversify into commodity-linked assets and searching for yield in these markets. On some estimates, Latin America would not have seen much growth had terms-of-trade, dollar interest rates and capital flows remained at the levels of the late 1990s.
With the subprime crisis the international economic environment deteriorated in all areas that had previously supported expansion in DEs. Capital flows and commodity prices were reversed and AEs contracted. However, DEs were able to rebound quickly, particularly where a strong countercyclical response was made possible by favourable payments, reserves and fiscal positions built-up during the preceding expansion. As a result, the growth impulse in most leading DEs has shifted to domestic demand, including in countries which had previously been export-led. China launched a massive stimulus package in infrastructure and property investment. Because of its high commodity intensity, this investment-led growth has given an even stronger boost to commodity prices than the pre-crisis export-led growth. Capital flows also recovered briskly thanks to sharp cuts in interest rates and quantitative easing in AEs in response to the crisis. They have been more than sufficient to meet growing deficits in several major DEs including India, Brazil, Turkey and South Africa.
For several reasons the exceptional growth enjoyed by the South in the past ten years is unlikely to be sustained over the medium term. First, it is not possible to return to the extremely favourable international economic conditions prevailing before the global crisis, given the large adjustments now facing the AEs. Efforts to move policy back to “business as usual”, with the US acting as a locomotive and running growing deficits, would seriously destabilize the international trading and monetary systems.
But nor can the post-crisis domestic demand-driven growth be maintained for long. There are already strong signs of deceleration. China’s strategy of offsetting the slowdown in exports to AEs with accelerated investment cannot work indefinitely. It needs to shift to consumption-led growth, lifting private consumption from its “wartime” level of some 35 per cent of GDP. But there are political hurdles since it would require significant redistribution of wealth and income. Even a moderate slowdown in China, towards 7 per cent, could bring an end to the commodity boom. Moreover, the risk-return configuration that has sustained the surge in capital flows to AEs, notably the historically low interest rates and rapid liquidity expansion in AEs, cannot last forever. The most vulnerable are those which have so far enjoyed the twin booms in commodity prices and capital flows.
Most DEs need to overhaul their development models in order to sustain the kind of growth they have enjoyed in the past ten years. The export-led Asian economies need to reduce their dependence on consumers in AEs by expanding domestic and regional markets. Commodity exporters need to reduce their reliance on capital flows and commodity earnings – the two key determinants of their growth which are largely beyond national control. These would not be possible without a genuine departure from the Washington Consensus both in macroeconomic and structural policies.
Yılmaz Akyüz is Chief Economist, South Centre, Geneva. This draws on “The Staggering Rise of the South?” South Centre Research Paper 44, 9 March 2012: www.southcentre.org.
The Triple Crisis blog invites your comments. Please share your thoughts below.
Hello, just wanted to mention, I loved this post. It was helpful. Keep on posting!